Scientific bulletin

ARMENIAN NAMES OF NUMBERS, OLDEST UNITS OF MEASUREMENT, ORIGIN OF THE SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM

GAGIK POGHOSYAN — 2025-10-06

Studies on the sexagesimal numeral system conducted so far have failed to provide convincing answers as to why this specific system was adopted for calculations. There remains a lack of clarity on why 60 was chosen as the system’s base having no obvious manifestations in nature.

This study proposes a compelling hypothesis regarding the origin of the base-60 system, a hypothesis that could only be unveiled through the lens of the Armenian living language and cultural context. It demonstrates that the sexagesimal system emerged from using emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum), the first cultivated grain, as the foundational unit of calculation. It shows that the base-60 system was not created merely for everyday mathematical calculations for which base-10 would be more practical but rather served as a humanistic framework. Its purpose was to teach people how to engage in agriculture, cultivate grain, produce bread, and consume it encompassing nearly all the secrets of daily bread-making.

The hypothesis of an Armenian origin for the base-60 system is further supported by analysis of measurement units used during the first half of the 3rd millennium BCE. This analysis reveals fascinating details about ancient culture.

The study also examines the primary numeral terms and measurement units in Armenian, offering interpretations of their etymological logi

HOVHANNES TUMANYAN: JOURNEY THROUGH EARTHLY TIME AND ETERNITY

YEVA MNATSAKANYAN — 2025-10-06

The aim of the article is to present the reality that life and real circumstances did not give the great Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan the opportunity to travel simply to see new worlds. Almost all of the poet’s travels were primarily conditioned by a high national mission defined from above and consciously chosen, the consolidation of which is the most important task of our speech.

To achieve the goal, we have set ourselves the following tasks: to study the scientific and memoir literature related to the topic and present a map of Tumanyan’s travels, indicating their purposeful and substantive fundamentals, and to emphasize the perfect realizations of the poet’s human character, artistic thinking, and talent during his travels.

In conducting the examination, we used historical-comparative, juxtapositional, analytical methods.

The continuous process of interpreting and evaluating human values, in particular the historiography of the study of Tumanyan's life and work, brings about the need to revise questions and standards, which is conditioned by the questions posed by the current state of the 21st century, changes in objective and subjective circumstances.

At the end of the article, we concluded that Tumanyan's travels, interwoven with each other in a chronological sequence, form an exclusive framework of the poet's biographical trajectory and earthly time, which was then to continue in the realm of cosmic infinity and supra-earthly time. Each of the travels has outlined in a new color the inimitable image of Tumanyan, a devoted Armenian and a national self-sacrificing figure, revealed his thinking and outlook on life, the nourishing source of spiritual creations.

MEDIEVAL TRAVELOGUES WITH CROSS-CULTURAL VALUE

AELITA DOLUKHANYAN — 2025-10-06

The article focuses on the travels of two Armenian clergymen of the Middle Ages to famous Christian shrines in Europe.

The first one - Martiros Erzincatsi, traveled to Rome, met the Pope, visited the main monasteries of different European countries and recorded his impressions.

The second one was Simeon Lehatsi, who traveled from Poland to Istanbul, from there to Rome and Venice, also visited Egypt and left a detailed description of the countries and places he saw.

Today, these travelogues have a unique historical and cultural value. Their cognitive nature is relevant and gives a clear idea of why, from ancient times to the present day, knowledge of the world and the rapprochement of cultures have had universal value. Such directions actually became the basis for the recognition and rapprochement of cultures of different peoples and contributed to the cultural progress of different countries.

In this context, we can mention Alexander the Great, who created the phenomenon of Hellenism, which contributed to the development of painting, sculpture, architecture, theater, literature and culture and other fields in different countries of the world.

The same can be said about the art of the Christian period, about the manifestations of which the two aforementioned Armenian clergymen report valuable facts, urging them to take from Europe everything that is progressive and promotes a dialogue of cultures.

These clergymen were also, in a sense, brave and inquisitive people, true adherents of the goal, who, as they themselves testify, overcame many difficulties and achieved their goals.

THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF U.S. REGIONAL POLICY IN THE SOUTH CAUCASUS (1991–2000)

ARMINE ALAVERDYAN — 2025-10-06

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the South Caucasus effectively entered the U.S. foreign policy agenda as a new subject with which the United States had no prior experience of engagement. There were no clear conceptions regarding the South Caucasian states, their systems of governance, ruling authorities, or political expectations. During the seventy years of the USSR’s existence, the primary focus of official Washington had been Moscow, while the approaches and positions adopted toward the other Soviet republics and regions were directly shaped by the dynamics of U.S.-Soviet relations.

This article presents the main directions and targets of U.S. regional policy in the South Caucasus during the post-Soviet period, within the context of establishing and developing relations with the newly independent states of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan, and ensuring the foundation of legal and treaty-based frameworks. The research combines historical, comparative, and analytical methods, and includes content analysis of a number of documents, including bilateral agreements and treaties.

The aim of the study is to examine the full context of the factors that underpinned the establishment of relations between the United States and the three South Caucasian countries in the post-Soviet period, as well as the development of official Washington’s regional policy in line with American foreign policy principles and approaches.

Achievments: In line with the foreign policy agenda shaped after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, official Washington adopted similar approaches and principles in building relations with the three South Caucasian countries. As with other newly independent regions and states, U.S. efforts in the South Caucasus primarily focused on strengthening security guarantees, promoting democratic values, and encouraging market economies. The cooperation model adopted by official Washington simultaneously addressed the fundamental challenges of the newly independent states and reflected the U.S. vision for long-term regional engagement—built on legal and treaty-based foundations, balanced approaches, and the cultivation of mutual trust.

THE "LEGO SERIOUS PLAY" METHOD IN UNIVERSITY TEACHING

ANNA POLADYAN — 2025-10-06

Contemporary higher education demands innovative teaching approaches that integrate scientific thinking, collaborative skills, and the development of creative solutions. The aim of this study is to develop and examine the LEGO Serious Play (LSP) method as an innovative approach in the teaching of university-level courses. Specifically, the application of this method was explored within the course "From Research to Production: Perspectives and Practice" offered in the Master's program in Applied Microbiology at Yerevan State University (YSU). The method was designed to foster systems and project-based thinking through play, with the goal of bridging the gap between scientific research outcomes and their application in industrial processes. As a result, students used LEGO sets to physically model their ideas, presented their projects through narrative storytelling, worked in a team-based environment, and participated in the co-creation of solutions. The outcomes of applying the method indicate an increase in student engagement, as well as enhancement of their creative and collaborative skills. The LSP method can serve as an effective tool to enhance learning processes and stimulate analytical and applied thinking in biomedical, natural sciences, and other educational programs.

INCORPORATING PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE PEDAGOGICAL METHODOLOGY FOR THE PRESERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SINGING VOICE

MANE BAREGHAMYAN — 2025-10-06

The article addresses the issue of accounting for physiological phenomena in the pedagogical methodology of maintaining and developing the singing voice. It substantiates that vocal performance art has a significant impact on the singer’s physiology. Throughout their career, singers strive to understand their body and the peculiarities of their organism, adapting them to their professional activity. Certain changes that occur over a lifetime can influence the quality, resonance, brightness, and power of the voice; therefore, singers must be informed in order to ensure the proper development of their voice. From this perspective, it is noted that during vocal training, singers should monitor their body, diet, sleep, and rest regimen, as these are essential components that ensure a healthy and melodious voice. Vocal art is similar to sports: it requires mindful nutrition, proper rest and sleep, muscle training, and physical preparation for intense rehearsals. This is because not only the vocal cords and larynx are engaged during singing, but the entire body participates in the process.

FEATURES OF STUDYING THE SUBJECT "TECHNOLOGY" AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND THEIR MOTIVATION IN THE CLASSROOM

RAYA MELKOMYAN — 2025-10-06

One of the most pressing issues in the modern educational system is increasing adolescents' motivation, particularly in the teaching process of the "Technology" subject. This subject, which is an integrated science, encompasses not only interdisciplinary connections but also the concept of integration within its content layers, serving as a significant stimulus for learners. The purpose of this article is to explore the specific features of studying the subject "Technology" in the context of adolescents’ age-related and psychological features.

The article examines the methods and forms of teaching organization that enhance lesson effectiveness, including project-based learning, gamification, and teamwork. It analyzes the external and internal factors that influence changes in students’ motivation. Based on the conducted research and long-standing experience, we conclude that motivated and engaged adolescents not only achieve academic success but also develop critical thinking, creativity, and teamwork skills—key competencies for the 21st century—making them more competitive.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF SOCIAL-PERCEPTIVE COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF A HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION

MARIAM ISPIRYAN — 2025-10-06

MARIAM ISPIRYAN, VlADIMIR KARAPETYAN

The article is devoted to the importance of social-perceptive competence in the professional development of future teachers. At present, special attention is paid to the modernization of the content of education, its orientation to new approaches to general educational and professional training, the tasks of the formation and development of the personality of the future teacher are determined. In the context of our research, the humanistic orientation of the teacher’s personality, active methods and forms of professional training are considered as a system of values that determines the structure of the dominant motives of the teacher’s personality and their implementation in pedagogical activity. As a result of the study, the following conclusion was formed: pedagogical interaction in the “teacher - student” system is a system of mutual influences of subjects involved in joint activities based on the common goals of professional education.